ANUA Niacinamide 5 TXA Brightening Pad contains two key active ingredients: Niacinamide (5%) and Tranexamic Acid (TXA). Niacinamide, also known as Vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism. It has been widely studied for its skin brightening, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Niacinamide functions by inhibiting melanosome transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes, thereby reducing hyperpigmentation and promoting an even skin tone. Tranexamic Acid is a synthetic derivative of the amino acid lysine and is known for its ability to inhibit the activation of plasmin, a proteolytic enzyme that degrades fibrin clots. In the context of skincare, TXA has been shown to inhibit melanogenesis and reduce hyperpigmentation by interfering with the interaction between keratinocytes and melanocytes. This mechanism of action leads to a more even distribution of melanin in the skin, resulting in a brighter complexion. The pH of the ANUA Niacinamide 5 TXA Brightening Pad is formulated to maintain skin compatibility and optimize the efficacy of the active ingredients. Additionally, the viscosity of the product is designed to ensure proper absorption into the skin for maximum bioavailability of Niacinamide and TXA. Studies have shown that the combination of Niacinamide and TXA in skincare products can have synergistic effects, enhancing their individual benefits and